:: Przegląd tematu - And photo processing on a few basic photography te

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focal length and focus is the lens focal length is the way
center to the focus distance, with f marked. This is only the case of single thin lens, the camera lens, lens is a combination of many pieces, so, the situation is not quite so simple. Focal length lens into focus and things like side side focus. Focal length as side to side like side as the main focus of the distance side, and similarly, in object is the object space focal length of the main surface of the distance to the object side focus. Should be noted that, due to the camera lens design, especially the zoom lens is widely used in the telescope structure, in object and image side focal length focal length is not necessarily equal. We usually say the camera lens focal length is like the side focus.
focal length lens is the lens of a very important indicator of the length of the lens focal length determines the size of captured images, the size of field of view, depth of field size and strength of the screen perspective. The same was taken from the same target shooting, long focal length lens into the image of the large, short focal length lens into the image of the small. Focal length is proportional to the length and imaging, imaging of focal length the greater the smaller the focal length of the shorter imaging. Lens focal length inversely proportional to the length and angle of view, focal length the smaller the angle, the shorter the focal length the greater perspective.
Focus: photography when he was according to the object and the camera (lens) is not always the same distance, such as camera people, and sometimes, according to the body, was to far away, according to half-length, and departs from the nearest . In other words, the image distance is not always fixed, so that, in order to get a clear photo image, with the object to be different from the film to change the distance between the lens optical center, the process of change is what we usually say that the focus or focus, that is to change the distance between the lens and the object to obtain a clear image of the objects in the adjustment process.
a variety of digital cameras usually focus mode, namely, AF, manual focus, and holographic multi-focus mode AF.

color temperature light source color temperature is a color scale that is quantitatively the Kelvin temperature (K) to represent the color, not the color temperature.
famous physicist Kelvin that, assuming a black body material, able to fall on all of its heat absorption, and no losses, while allowing all the heat energy generated by the \It will be under the level of heat and become a different color, when the black body by the heat equivalent of 500550 ℃, it will become dark red, to 1050-1150 ℃, it turns yellow, the temperature continues to rise High will be blue. The color components of light and suffered the heat of the blackbody temperature corresponding to any light color temperature is equal to the blackbody emitting the same color by the time of the \to distinguish between the other, this is the color temperature.
higher the temperature, light and color more bluish; the lower the temperature is red. A shade of a shade of color temperature than the other high, indicating that the shade of bluish shade than the other, and vice versa reddish; Similarly, when a bluish shade than the other when the shade of the shade of the color temperature that high, otherwise low.
color temperature phenomenon is very common in our daily life, the light emitted by incandescent color temperature of the lower performance of the yellow tone, different lights will make different colors of light, natural gas flame is blue because the color temperature higher. Cloudless blue sky the color temperature of about 10000 K, cloudy day of about 7000 ~ 9000 K, under direct sunlight sunny color temperature of about 6000 K, the time of sunrise or sunset, the color temperature of about 2000 K, color temperature of about Candlelight 1000 K. Then we can easily find a rule:

aperture (determined flux)
means the camera lens inside a group of overlapping metal leaves, they surrounded the pore size and open time determines the amount of time into a phase of exposure, also had a camera aperture and speed .
we usually said aperture F2.8, F8, F16 and so is the aperture, \) of the distance.
aperture size we are using the expression of F value. Aperture F = lens focal length / lens aperture diameter, we can see from the above formula to achieve the same aperture F value of long focal length lens of short focal length lens aperture diameter than the large. The full aperture range as follows: F1, F1.4, F2, F2.8, F4, F5.6, F8, F11, F16, F22, F32, F44, F64. Aperture F value is smaller, in the same unit time the amount of light will get, and the amount of light on the level just doubled the next level, such as aperture adjustment from F8 to F5.6, will double the amount of light , that is a big one aperture opening. Most non-professional digital camera lens focal length is short, the physical diameter is small, F8 when the aperture is very small physical aperture, and will continue to reduce the occurrence of optical phenomena like diffraction, of imaging. Therefore, the general non-professional digital cameras are the smallest aperture F8 to F11, and professional digital camera photosensitive device area, the lens distance from the light-sensitive device, the aperture value can be very small. For the consumer digital camera, the aperture F value is often between F2.8 - F16. In addition, many digital cameras to adjust the aperture, you can do 1 / 3 of the adjustment.

White
digital camera white balance refers to the reduction of the white object. As a white object in a different light to make it a Human Eyes also recognized as white, so white, other colors to confirm whether the balance as the standard, or that when white accurately reflect the white, other colors also correct , and balance, that is, the white color temperature in any condition is still the standard white, and this is the meaning of the white balance.
the unique adaptability of the human eye, so that we sometimes can not find the color temperature changes. For example, in a long stay under tungsten and tungsten do not think that under the reddish white, and if suddenly changed to incandescent fluorescent lighting, you will feel the colors found in reddish white, but it kind of feeling can only continue for a while, when the human eye to adapt to the filament, they will not feel a reddish white. CCD camera is not as adaptive as the human eye, so if the camera's color adjustment is inconsistent with the scene lighting, color temperature color cast occurs, that is the color of the image obtained by the impact of color temperature, color is no longer their own, that is no longer see eye color, higher the temperature, light and color more bluish; the lower the temperature is red. White balance adjustment is both ambient light (color temperature) How to make a digital camera default \
a variety of general camera's white balance mode, adapt to different scenes, such as: automatic white balance, white balance tungsten light, fluorescent white balance, indoor white balance, manual adjustment.

Bracketing
change refers to several different combinations of exposure to the implementation of an object exposed to the shooting method, when you press the shutter, the camera is not taking one, but with different exposure combination of multiple continuous shooting, ensuring always have a consistent intent of the photographer's exposure.

Metering
digital camera's metering system is to measure the subject generally reflected brightness. Metering mode metering system that is the way the brightness measured by the placement of different metering devices can be divided into external light meter and measured in two ways.
external metering: the outer metering mode, metering device and optical lens are separate. This method is widely used in head-metering lens shutter camera viewfinder, it has sufficient sensitivity and accuracy. Single-lens reflex cameras generally do not use this metering method.
measured light: This metering method is carried out through the lens metering, the so-called TTL metering, consistent with the photographic conditions, relative to the lens or photography in the replacement of the distance change, add filters can automatically correct the time. Almost all of the single-lens reflex cameras use this metering method.
metering current approach taken by the camera metering device based on the measurement of photography within the range of different areas including spot metering, the central part of the metering, Center-weighted average, the average metering mode, multi-zone test light and so on.
Spot metering mode: center of the screen metering device measuring only a very small range. Times when the camera lens photography aimed at the various parts of your subject, one by one measure its brightness, and finally by the photographer based on the measured data to determine the exposure parameters.
central part of the metering mode: This mode is the picture on the screen about 12% of the center of the scope of metering.
Center-weighted average mode: This mode metering focus on the center of the screen (about 60% of the screen), taking into account the edge of the screen. It can significantly reduce the phenomenon of poor image exposure, is the major single-lens reflex camera metering mode.
Average metering mode: it measures the average brightness of the screen, suitable for light intensity on the screen is not very different situation.
Multi-segment metering mode: its screen sub-regional components of the meter by an independent metering, the camera microprocessor within the data processing, obtain the appropriate exposure, the exposure correct rate. In contrast a large backlit photography or scenes can get the right exposure time, and without manual correction.

exposure mode and exposure that the camera exposure mode mode with natural light, usually divided into many forms, including: shutter priority (commonly known as the S gate), aperture priority (A gate), manual exposure, AE lock mode.
combination of aperture and shutter exposure is formed, in some cases exposure, this combination is not unique. For example, the exposure of the current measured normal combination F5.6, 1 / 30 seconds, increase the level if the aperture is F4, then the value at this time the shutter to 1 / 60, this combination can also reach the normal exposure. Although different combinations can achieve the same exposure, but the effect is taken out of the picture is not the same.
To get the correct exposure, you need the right combination of shutter and aperture. Fast shutter, the aperture will bigger; the shutter is slow, the aperture will smaller. When shooting, the user should be integrated into the actual environment to adjust the balance between exposure and shutter, complement each other.
shutter priority is defined by the machine automatically calculate the exposure metering system value, then the shutter speed manually defined automatically determine how much the aperture.
aperture priority is the metering system by the machine automatically calculates the value of exposure, and then manually define the size of the aperture automatically determine how much of the shutter.
manual exposure mode when shooting are manually each time to complete the aperture and shutter speed adjustment.
AE lock mode of the automatic exposure mode.

Exposure Compensation Exposure Compensation is a way of exposure control, simple to understand: is the metering of the camera on the subject after the shutter and aperture combinations derived parameters, and through man-made changes this time,bailey button uggs, exposure compensation Metering derived shutter speed. Plus exposure compensation (plus exposure) is the shutter slows down,All they had to restore calm, because to tell the machine to get more exposure, in the case of constant aperture, to increase the amount of light through, so to slow down the shutter; the other hand, less exposure is the shutter speed accelerated.
example, focus on the large area of snow, as white reflective and easy, the camera will think the subject is very bright, will shutter speed, this time we need to artificially change the shutter speed, which increases exposure. Similarly, if on the black stuff, you may need to reduce exposure of the. In summary, the use of the principle of \
Exposure compensation is automatic and semi-automatic transmission is for the. Because the automatic and semi-automatic transmission, one can not completely control over aperture and shutter, then if we find the camera underexpose or over exposure, with exposure compensation is necessary to man-made. For example, if you select aperture priority, shutter speed the camera will fine tune; If you choose shutter priority, aperture the camera will be fine-tuning. As for how to adjust, depending on the use of positive or negative compensation compensation. If you use the manual, then entirely up to you control over aperture and shutter. If you do not want to adjust the aperture, the brighter the screen the same time want to slow the shutter speed. Because it is manual, so the exposure compensation does not work completely. More precisely, when using the manual, there is no exposure compensation. Importantly, both the use of exposure compensation, or manually adjusted, and its essence is the same, not adjusting the shutter aperture is adjusted.
in the digital photo processing, the correct understanding of the following photographic terms, help to better the photo processing, optimize the process.

the so-called depth of field depth of field, that is, shooting the scene, showing a clear scope of your subject.
length of depth of field, mainly by the aperture, lens focal length and shooting distance control:
1. the larger the aperture, the smaller the aperture, depth of field (range) smaller (shallower depth of field); Aperture The smaller, the larger the aperture, the greater the depth range (depth of field deeper).
in the same shooting distance shooting situations, the use of large aperture to shoot, because of shallow depth of field, the subject before and after the scene will become more blurred. The use of small aperture, subject distance will be around the scene longer clear.
2. lens focal length, depth of field (range) is smaller; the shorter focal length lens, depth of field (range) increases.
in the aperture, shutter speed are constant, shooting the same scene, shallow depth of field will make use of long lens. The use of wide-angle lens, the depth of field will be longer.
3. from the body of the more recent film, the depth of field (range) is smaller; farther away from the body shot, the depth of field (range) increases.
in the aperture, shutter speed, lens focal length is unchanged, shooting the same scene, when away from the subject closer, the more shallow depth of field. Farther away from the subject, the depth of field will be longer.

sensitivity ISO
in the traditional film camera speed of ISO standards on behalf of photographic film, digital cameras and film the same as defined in ISO, CCD or CMOS represents the light-sensitive sensor speed, ISO value higher , indicating that the ability of photographic photosensitive materials, the stronger, the more likely exposure. The sensitivity of the traditional film camera is fixed, 100,200,400 in the camera store to buy the film and digital that is the speed. The digital camera is adjustable sensitivity photographic materials, in general the sensitivity of CCD digital camera (or light sensitivity) is equivalent to the sensitivity of the film is converted to traditional values, that is \
ISO is calculated as S = 0.8 / H (S sensitivity, H for the exposure.) We can see from the formula, the higher the sensitivity, the requirement of less exposure. The photosensitive film ISO 200 ISO 100 is twice the speed, in other words, other things being equal, ISO 200 film is the exposure time required for half of ISO 100 film. In the digital camera, the equivalent sensitivity by adjusting the size, can change how much light and image brightness values. Therefore, the sensitivity has become an indirect control of image brightness values. ISO images for Higher values lower than the ISO image bright, but also easy to increase the noise. Create a low ISO value for clear, soft picture, but the high ISO value to compensate for inadequate lighting environment.

Shutter (decision illumination time)
Gan Guangpian effectively control the camera exposure time of a device. In order to protect sensitive components inside the camera, and will not light, the shutter is always closed; shooting, adjust the shutter speed, simply hold down the camera's shutter release button (the button is photographed), the shutter opening and closing of the gap room, let the light through the camera lens, so that the Gan Guangpian camera to obtain the correct exposure, the light through the shutter into the light-sensitive device, write the memory card.
digital camera shutter shutter speed is an important study parameters. Usually most common digital camera shutter at 1 / 1000 seconds, essentially to meet most of the daily shoot. Different types of digital camera shutter speed is totally different,ugg felicity boots, so use a model of digital camera to shoot the scene, we must first understand the shutter speed. Press the shutter when the shutter is only the start time into account, and the shutter release time to master in order to capture the vivid picture.
now a lot of camera shutter speed by the camera's own computer chip control. In the traditional camera or more than some semi-professional level camera, the camera's shutter speed still manual, including the following, from the slow and fast, 1,1 / 2,1 / 4,1 / 8,1 / 15,1 / 30,1 / 60,1 / 125,1 / 250,1 / 500,knightsbridge uggs,1 / 1000 seconds, in some of the more professional cameras, there are longer or shorter than the shutter speed setting. Similarly, the shutter speed is jumping up or down one cell, doubling or halving the amount of exposure.