:: Przegląd tematu - Establishment of environmental protection, economi

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Establishment of environmental protection, economic theory of incentives

The behavior of the middle class. Such as batteries, fertilizer, pesticides, plastic bags and so on. In addition,p90x workout schedule, you can also grants, loans and tax relief and other subsidies to encourage producers in the form of pollution control, or by giving compensation to producers by reducing the economic impact of regulation. 2. Accountability is the responsibility the manufacturers through the establishment of an incentive to comply with the requirements, technical constraints or by the production of acceptable behavior. Specific measures include: fines, deposit refund system and bonds. One fine is the most important form of accountability. Fine the relative concentration of emission taxes and environmental tax advantages: first, the information you need less. Fined by the polluters only point of standing oversight, control of environmental pollution levels of total data, without having to learn more about each producer's actual level of pollution control specific information. Second, the budget is balanced, does not need to provide additional financial assistance. Sewage tax costs more than the producers take the damage, which reduces the social welfare; income subsidies and more than the amount of the payment, also caused a waste. Deposit refund system requirements, potential purchasers of contaminated products to pre-pay an additional fee, when they put contaminated products or their packaging sent back to the recycling center when the re-use or disposal, then the additional cost returned to them. Many countries have adopted a deposit-refund system to deal with drink bottles, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have begun to study how such a system applied to other pollution control, such as high levels of mercury and cadmium batteries treatment. This system encourages people to recycle waste, casually discarded waste if someone, then someone else will have an incentive to hand over to retrieve them. At the same time, the implementation of security deposit refund system can also stimulate the emergence of market waste. Therefore, from an economic point of view, deposit-refund system is efficient. It provides the economic benefits of environmental protection acts, and acts of destruction of the environment increases the cost. From a regulatory point of view, a deposit refund system is efficient. Performance bonds are encouraging producers to adopt a direct community the way you want production incentives. Performance bond in the system, producers in the production of pre-paid before the start of a bond fund,ugg italia, if its behavior has caused environmental pollution or contamination which exceeded the standard, it's this bond fund will be confiscated. This system increases the cost of pollution control to avoid its application without penalty less common, but in the mining industry has achieved significant results. 3. Quantity rationing Cricker (1966) and Dales (1968) put forward by the number of trading licenses the concept of rationing. Tradable pollution permit program is in an area of sewage or sewage pre-determined the overall level of concentration, the amount of pollution permits is equal to the overall level of issuance. Producers of pollution permits can ask each other transactions. In other words, those who control the extent permitted pollution levels below the producers can sell their excess pollution permits,belstaff italia, licenses can also be used to compensate for the excess to other parts of the factory pollution. Its main feature is the design of pollution control strategies and positioning shift from producers to regulators, reducing the marginal cost of pollution reduction. The effective functioning of tradable permits must meet the following conditions: First, the number of licenses is limited and can be identified, so that you can accurately calculate the value of permits; Second, permits should be free trade, limit the scope of transactions less to ensure that producers who need permits to buy; third license must be saved to the transaction are still available for use during non-busy; fourth is not too high transaction costs, permits, or licenses can not be free and efficient flow of information; Fifth, the violation of the sewage permit for the punishment, must exceed the cost of buying permits to encourage producers to follow market rules of the game; Sixth, the producer must be allowed to profit through the sale of licenses. Since the implementation of tradable permits in the technical, financial and legal requirements higher, so its application in reality be hindered. At present, China is in a socialist market economy, the process of continuous improvement, we must first accelerate the market economic system, to reduce market failure; a sound legal system for environmental protection, economic incentives to make laws to go by; improve the regulatory system so that economic incentives mechanism worked well. On this basis, establish a sound economic incentives for environmental protection, pollution of the different nature of the behavior of different incentives, to the greatest extent,p90x calendar, maximize control pollution and protect the environment. Note: This article is Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province